NESTING OF BLACK-WINGED SALTATOR SALTATOR ATRIPENNIS IN NORTHWESTERN ECUADOR
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v36i1.1303Keywords:
Incubation period, nest characteristics, nesting materials, nestling development, reproductive biologyAbstract
The Black-wingedSaltator Saltator atripennis is common in the Andes of Colombia and Ecuador. However, only anecdotal information exists on its reproductive biology. In this study, I describe its nest and clutch size based on three nests found between May and June 2020 in northwestern Ecuador. For each nest, I measured daily egg/nestling weights and performed linear regressions to determine their change over time. All nests were cup-shaped and were built in dense shrubbery. Clutch size consisted of two eggs, incubation lasted 14 days, and eggs lost weight at an average daily rate of 0.4 g. The fledglings disappeared after four days, gaining weight at a daily rate of 3.3 g, almost twice that recorded for other Saltator species. The information presented in this study increases our knowledge of the reproductive biology of S. atripennis, but further studies are needed for a more comprehensive understanding of the species’ full breeding cycle.
References
Arteaga-Chávez, WA (2023) Anidación del Saltador Golianteado Saltator maximus (Thraupidae) y primer reporte de parasitismo por el Vaquero Brilloso Molothrus bonariensis (Icteridae). Revista Ecuatoriana de Ornitología 9: 104–113. https://doi.org/10.18272/reo.v9i2.2584
Athanas, N & PJ Greenfield (2016) Birds of western Ecuador: A photographic guide. Princeton University Press, UK. https://doi.org/10.1515/9 781400880706
Badyaev, AV (1997) Avian life history variation along altitudinal gradients: an example with cardueline finches. Oecologia 111: 365–374. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004420050247
Beissinger, SR, MI Cook & WJ Arendt (2005) The shelf life of bird eggs: testing egg viability using a tropical climate gradient. Ecology 86(8): 2164–2175. https://doi.org/10.1890/04-1624
Brewer, D. (2020) Black-winged Saltator (Saltator atripennis), version 1.0. In del Hoyo, J, A Elliott, J Sargatal, DA Christie, & E de Juana (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. Available at https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.blwsal1.01 [Accessed 24 July 2023]
DuRant, SE, WA Hopkins, GR Hepp & JR Walters (2013) Ecological, evolutionary, and conservation implications of incubation temperature‐dependent phenotypes in birds. Biological Reviews 88(2): 499–509. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12015
Fierro‐Calderón, K, M Loaiza‐Muñoz, MA Sánchez‐Martínez, D Ocampo, S David, HF Greeney & AG Londoño (2021) Methods for collecting data about the breeding biology of Neotropical birds. Journal of Field Ornithology 92(4): 315–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofo.12383
Forrester, T (2015) eBird checklist: https://ebird.org/checklist/S23098096. eBird: an online database of bird distribution and abundance. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY. Available at https://ebird.org [Accessed 24 July 2023]
Freile, JF & R Restall (2018) Birds of Ecuador. Christopher Helm, London, UK.
Gloag, R, DT Tuero, VD Fiorini, JC Reboreda & A Kacelnik (2012) The economics of nestmate killing in avian brood parasites: A provisions trade-off. Behavioral Ecology 23(1): 132–140. https://doi.org/10.1093/beheco/arr166
Greeney, HF (2006) Incubation behavior of the Peruvian Antpitta (Grallaricula peruviana). Ornitologia Neotropical 17(4): 461–466.
Greeney, HF, FP Angulo, RC Dobbs, S Crespo, ET Miller, D Cáceres, RA Gelis, B Angulo & LA Salagaje (2020) Notes on the breeding biology of the Tumbesian avifauna in southwest Ecuador and northwest Peru. Revista Ecuatoriana de Ornitología 6: 1–54. https://doi.org/10.18272/reo.vi6.1146
Hallinan, T (1924) Notes on some Panama Canal Zone birds with special reference to their food. Auk 41(2): 304–326. https://doi.org/10.2307/4074624
Hilty, SL & WL Brown (1986) A guide to the birds of Colombia. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
Instituto Nacional de Metereología e Hidrología INAMHI (2024). NAMHI-Precipitación-2019 Diciembre.csv. Datos Abiertos Ecuador. Available at https://datosabiertos.gob.ec/dataset/precipitacion-total-mensual/resource/98c77d18-e863-4e00-8a22-eb47f2981d9c [Accessed 22 December 2024]
Martin, TE & GR Geupel (1993) Nest-monitoring plots: methods for locating nests and monitoring success. Journal of Field Ornithology 64: 507–519.
McMullan, M, T Donegan, G Pantoja-Peña, T Tuncer-Navarro, A Bartels & T Ellery (2018) Field guide to the birds of Colombia. Rey Naranjo Editores, Bogotá D.C., Colombia.
Ocampo, D, MC Estrada-F, JM Muñoz, LV Londoño, S David, G Valencia, PA Morales, JA Garizábal & MA Cuervo (2012) Breeding biology of the Red-bellied Grackle (Hypopyrrhus pyrohypogaster): A cooperative breeder of the Colombian Andes. The Wilson Journal of Ornithology 124(3): 538–546. https://doi.org/10.1676/11-117.1
Ortiz Mendoza, CA (2013). Primera descripción del nido de Saltátor Collarejo (Saltator cinctus) y notas sobre su comportamiento reproductivo. Ornitología Neotropical 24:413–420.
Rahn, H & A Ar (1974) The avian egg: incubation time and water loss. The Condor 76(2): 147–152. https://doi.org/10.2307/1366724
Ramo, C & B Busto (1984) Nidificación de los Passeriformes en los Llanos de Apure (Venezuela). Biotropica 16(1): 59–68. https://doi.org/10.2307/2387896
Remsen, JV, Jr., JI Areta, E Bonaccorso, S Claramunt, A Jaramillo, DF Lane, MB Robbins, FG Stiles & KJ Zimmer (2023) A classification of the bird species of South America. American Ornithological Society. Available at http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.htm [Accessed 18 December 2023]
Ridgely, RS & G Tudor (2009) Field guide to the songbirds of South America: The passerines. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Skutch, AF (1954) Life histories of Central American birds: Families Fringillidae, Thraupidae, Icteridae, Parulidae and Coerebidae. Cooper Ornithological Society, Berkeley, California.
Winkler, DW, SM Billerman & IJ Lovette (2020) Tanagers and Allies (Thraupidae), versión 1.0. In Billerman, SM, BK Keeney, PG Rodewald & TS Schulenberg (eds). Birds of the World. Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. Available at https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.thraup2.01 [Accessed 24 July 2023]
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 William Andrés Arteaga-Chávez

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
This open access article is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY), that allows others unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction, providing the original author and source are credited.