HOW DO RICHNESS AND DIVERSITY OF BIRDS FEEDING ON BURSERA SIMARUBA CHANGE IN MODIFIED LANDSCAPES OF TROPICAL DRY FOREST?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58843/ornneo.v37i1.1455Keywords:
Avian frugivory, Intermediate disturbance hypothesis, Neotropical birds, Feeding guilds, Urban EcologyAbstract
Land-use change and urbanization are the main threats to biodiversity in tropical dry forest, but few studies have evaluated the influence on bird-plant interactions across a gradient of land-use conditions. In this context, we aimed to evaluate changes in richness and diversity of birds feeding on Bursera simaruba fruits in different land-use conditions of tropical dry forest in the Central Depression of Chiapas, Mexico. From December 2022–April 2023, when B. simaruba had mature fruits, we performed focal observations of birds feeding on fruits at each of 27 B. simaruba trees (8 h observation/tree), dispersed among three land-use conditions: wildlands, non-urban production systems, and urban. We recorded a total of 34 bird species (22 residents, 11 winter migrants, and 1 unidentified Empidonax species). Richness (q0) and diversity (q1) of birds consuming B. simaruba fruits differed significantly among land-use conditions, being significantly higher for trees in the non-urban production systems. Avian consumers of B. simaruba fruits were predominantly insectivorous, possibly due to the influence of the agricultural landscape. However, the majority of species consumed fruits as legitimate dispersers. Our results support the intermediate disturbance hypothesis, where species diversity is highest in sites with an intermediate degree of modification, thereby possibly having higher landscape heterogeneity than both low- and high-disturbance conditions. We also suggest that B. simaruba fruits are a key resource for birds, particularly in modified landscapes of rural or urban areas.
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